Industrial fuel oil provides a vital purpose in many sectors of our economy. This refined petroleum product is widely used to produce power for industrial operations, ranging from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The qualities of industrial fuel oil enable it a effective choice for these demanding applications.

Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with accurate thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that the